Methods of imaging the heart 1. Chest radiography 2. Fluoroscopy and angiocardiography 3. Echocardiography – transthoracic and transoesophageal techniques 4. Computed tomography (CT) 5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 6. Radionuclide imaging: (a) Ventriculography (b) Myocardial perfusion imaging. Angiocardiography Diagnostic catheterization…
Methods of imaging the respiratory system 1. Plain films 2. Computed tomography (CT) 3. Radionuclide imaging (V/Q scans) 4. Ultrasound (US) – for pleural and chest wall disease 5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 6. Positron emission tomography (PET). Further Reading…
Methods of imaging the female reproductive system 1. Plain abdominal film 2. Hysterosalpingography 3. Ultrasound (US) – transabdominal/transvaginal 4. Computerized tomography (CT) 5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 6. Minimally invasive procedures including biopsies, cyst drainage, angiography, fibroid embolization 7. PET-CT.…
Methods of imaging the urinary tract 1. Plain film radiography 2. Excretion urography (IVU) 3. Ultrasound (US) 4. Computed tomography (CT): (a) CT for urological diagnosis and urological cancer staging (b) CT for characterization of renal lesion (c) CT adrenals…
Methods of imaging the hepatobiliary system 1. Plain film 2. Ultrasound (US): (a) Transabdominal (b) Endoscopic (c) Intraoperative 3. CT including: (a) Routine ‘staging’ (portal venous phase) CT (b) Triple phase ‘characterization’ CT (c) CT cholangiography 4. MRI 5. Endoscopic…
Methods of imaging the gastrointestinal tract 1. Plain film 2. Barium swallow 3. Barium meal 4. Barium follow-through 5. Small bowel enema 6. Barium enema 7. Ultrasound (US): (a) Transabdominal (b) Endosonography 8. Computed tomography (CT) 9. Magnetic resonance imaging…
Historical development of radiographic agents The first report of opacification of the urinary tract after intravenous (i.v.) injection of a contrast agent appeared in 1923 using an i.v. injection of 10% sodium iodide solution, which was at that time prescribed…
Radiology The procedures are laid out under a number of sub-headings, which follow a standard sequence. The general order is outlined below, together with certain points that have been omitted from the discussion of each procedure in order to avoid…
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Achondroplasia An AD (80% new mutation rate) skeletal dysplasia due to impaired enchondral bone growth. Skull 1. Large skull. Small base. Small sella. Steep clivus. Small, funnel-shaped foramen magnum. 2. Hydrocephalus of variable severity. Thorax 1. Thick, stubby sternum. 2.…