2.1.1 Introduction Essential parts of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, radiofrequency (RF) coils or antennas are used to transmit and/or receive signal. Phased-array coils combine multiple small coil elements to transmit or receive signal using independent channels. Array coils…
1.3B.1 Introduction The introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the field of spine trauma has vastly improved the clinical diagnosis of spinal cord injury (SCI). MRI has advantages over conventional X-ray and computer tomography (CT) as it more precisely…
1.3A.1 Introduction Prior to the 1980s a diagnosis of trauma to the spinal cord was largely inferred based on either X-rays showing misalignment of the spinal column or myelography whereby interruption of the flow of contrast medium in the cerebral…
1.2.1 Introduction The spinal cord is a common site of involvement in inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The most common such disease, multiple sclerosis, is the leading cause of nontraumatic disability in young adults, with an…
1.1.1 Introduction Neuroaxonal injury of the spinal cord occurs in a broad spectrum of clinically and pathologically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases, typically with serious clinical consequences for patients. Typically, the clinical syndrome produced by injury to the spinal cord includes weakness…
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Introduction Paget's disease, or osteitis deformans, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased bone turnover and breakdown secondary to excessive and disorganized osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity ( Fig. 48.1 ). The precise etiology is still unclear. The excessive breakdown…
Introduction Otospongiosis, also known as otosclerosis, is a progressive primary bone disorder of abnormal bone resorption and deposition. The majority of cases result in a progressive conductive hearing loss with severe cases evolving to a combination of conductive and sensorineural…
Introduction Injection laryngoplasty is performed for treatment of vocal cord paralysis, which may have a variety of causes ( Box 46.1 ). Imaging during a Valsalva maneuver demonstrates the mechanical and physiologic barriers that patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis…
Introduction Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) is an uncommon malignancy of the nasal cavity. Esthesioneuroblastoma represents 3% to 6% of sinonasal malignancies and has an estimated incidence of 0.4 cases per 1 million people. This tumor has been reported across a wide…