Generalized increased bone density in an adult Most common 1. Metastases —prostate and breast most common. Heterogeneous; generally not diffuse. 2. Sickle cell disease —medullary sclerosis and bone infarcts. Growth arrest of long bones. H-shaped vertebrae. 3. Myelofibrosis —older patients.…
1 What radiographic features distinguish interstitial diseases from airspace diseases? Two primary characteristics radiographically distinguish interstitial diseases from airspace diseases. First, interstitial diseases displace little of the air within the lung, whereas airspace diseases displace large amounts of air. Interstitial…
1 What is the difference between a pulmonary acinus and a secondary pulmonary lobule? The acinus (Latin for “berry”) is a structural unit of the lung distal to a terminal bronchiole, supplied by first-order respiratory bronchioles, which contains alveolar ducts…
1 What is a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN)? An SPN is a solitary focal lesion in the lung that measures 3 cm or less. A solitary focal lesion that is greater than 3 cm is considered to be a mass, and most…
1 What are the clinical indications for computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the peripheral and visceral arteries? CTA and MRA are noninvasive methods of assessing the arteries and veins, which have all but replaced catheter…
1 What is the normal appearance of the pulmonary vessels on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? The main pulmonary artery originates from the right ventricular outflow tract, anterior and to the left of the aortic root, and…
1 What are some noninvasive methods of coronary artery imaging? Imaging the coronary arteries is an important part of evaluating ischemic heart disease. Traditionally, this imaging has been performed using cardiac catheterization, an invasive procedure that requires arterial puncture. Newer…
1 What is the normal imaging appearance of the aorta on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? The normal aorta on imaging can be divided into the following five parts: the aortic root, the ascending aorta, the proximal…
1 What forms the borders of the heart on the frontal posteroanterior (PA) or anteroposterior (AP) chest radiograph? The chest radiograph represents an important first step in the imaging workup of cardiovascular disease. On a PA frontal view of the…
1 What are the indications for breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? General indications for breast MRI include: Establish the extent of disease in the setting of a newly diagnosed breast cancer. Further evaluate an imaging finding that is incompletely characterized…