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Malassezia
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Category Pediatrics
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
Etiology While more than 30 cryptococcal species have been described, 2 species ( Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii ) are responsible for the vast majority of disease. These species can be further classified by serologic and molecular typing techniques. Both…
Candida
Candidiasis encompasses many clinical syndromes that may be caused by several species of Candida . Invasive candidiasis ( Candida infections of the blood and other sterile body fluids) is a leading cause of infection-related mortality in hospitalized immunocompromised patients .…
Principles of Antifungal Therapy
Invasive fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the growing number of immunocompromised children. Fortunately, the therapeutic armamentarium for invasive fungal infections has markedly increased since the turn of the century ( Tables 260.1 and 260.2…
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Q fever (for query fever, the name given following an outbreak of febrile illness in an abattoir in Queensland, Australia) is rarely reported in children but is probably underdiagnosed. Symptomatic patients can have acute or chronic disease. Etiology Although previously…
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Etiology Ehrlichiosis in humans was 1st described in 1987, when clusters of bacteria confined within cytoplasmic vacuoles of circulating leukocytes (morulae), particularly mononuclear leukocytes, were detected in the peripheral blood of a patient with suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF).…
Typhus Group Rickettsioses
Members of the typhus group of rickettsiae (see Table 255.1 in Chapter 255 ) include Rickettsia typhi, the cause of murine typhus, and Rickettsia prowazekii, the cause of louse-borne or epidemic typhus. R. typhi is transmitted to humans by fleas,…
Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
Scrub typhus is an important cause of acute febrile illness in South and East Asia and the Pacific and could be emerging in the Middle East and South America. The causative agent is distinct from, but related to, Rickettsia species.…
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
Rickettsia species were classically divided into spotted fever and typhus groups based on serologic reactions and the presence or absence of the outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene. Sequencing of at least 45 complete genomes has refined distinctions. However, there…
Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Chlamydia psittaci, the agent of psittacosis (also known as parrot fever and ornithosis ), is primarily an animal pathogen and rarely causes human disease. In birds, C. psittaci infection is known as avian chlamydiosis . Etiology C. psittaci affects both…