See also Chapter 687 . Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a variety of proliferative cutaneous and mucosal lesions, including common skin warts, benign and malignant anogenital tract lesions, oral pharyngeal cancers, and life-threatening respiratory papillomas. Most HPV-related infections in children and…
Diarrhea is a leading cause of childhood death in the world, accounting for 5-10 million deaths per year. In early childhood, the single most important cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea is rotavirus infection. Rotavirus and other gastroenteric viruses are not…
Coronaviruses are increasingly recognized as important human pathogens. They cause up to 15% of common colds and have been implicated in more serious diseases, including croup, asthma exacerbations, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Evidence also suggests that coronaviruses may cause enteritis or…
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most frequent cause of the common cold in both adults and children. Although HRVs were once thought to cause only the common cold, it is now known that they are also associated with lower respiratory…
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are a common cause of human disease. Conjunctivitis is a familiar illness associated with the HAdVs, but these viruses also cause upper and lower respiratory disease, pharyngitis, gastroenteritis, and hemorrhagic cystitis. HAdVs can cause severe disease in…
Etiology Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that has emerged as one of the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract illness in children throughout the world. Etiology HMPV is an enveloped, single-stranded, nonsegmented, negative-sense RNA genome of…
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of bronchiolitis (see Chapter 418 ) and viral pneumonia in children younger than 1 yr of age and is the most important respiratory tract pathogen of early childhood. Etiology RSV is an enveloped…
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are common causes of acute respiratory illness in infants and children and are important causes of lower respiratory tract disease in young children and immunocompromised persons. These viruses cause a spectrum of upper and lower respiratory…
Influenza viral infections cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses that are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children during seasonal epidemics . Influenza A viruses also have the potential to cause global pandemics , which can happen when…
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is an oncogenic virus identified in tissue specimens from patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS). Because of this association, it is also known as Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus . HHV-8 is the etiologic agent of two additional lymphoproliferative…