The incidence of gallbladder disease, particularly cholelithiasis and biliary dyskinesia, has been increasing in children, and has been associated with a rise in the number of cholecystectomies. Anomalies The gallbladder is congenitally absent in approximately 0.1% of the population. Hypoplasia…
Cystic lesions of liver may be initially recognized during infancy and childhood. Hepatic fibrosis can also occur as part of an associated developmental defect ( Table 392.1 ). Cystic renal disease is usually associated and often determines the clinical presentation…
Acute liver failure is a clinical syndrome resulting from massive necrosis of hepatocytes or from severe functional impairment of hepatocytes. The synthetic, excretory, and detoxifying functions of the liver are all severely impaired. In adults, hepatic encephalopathy has been an…
The liver is the main site of drug metabolism and is particularly susceptible to structural and functional injury after the ingestion, parenteral administration, or inhalation of chemical agents, drugs, plant derivatives (home remedies), herbal or nutritional supplements, or environmental toxins.…
Autoimmune Hepatitis Chronic Liver Disease Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic hepatic inflammatory process manifested by elevated serum aminotransaminase concentrations, liver-associated serum autoantibodies, and/or hypergammaglobulinemia. The serological autoantibody profile defines 2 main types of autoimmune hepatitis: AIH type 1, with positivity…
A wide variety of mitochondrial disorders are associated with liver disease. Hepatocytes contain a high density of mitochondria because the liver, with its biosynthetic and detoxifying functions, is highly dependent on adenosine triphosphate. Defects in mitochondrial function can lead to…
Liver disease is found in a wide variety of systemic illnesses, both as a result of the primary pathologic process and as a secondary complication of the disease or associated therapy. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease (…
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Viral hepatitis continues to be a major health problem in both developing and developed countries; there has been significant progress in efforts to recognize and to treat infected subjects. This disorder is caused by the 5 pathogenic hepatotropic viruses recognized…
Metabolic liver diseases in children, although individually rare, altogether represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This is because the liver has a central role in synthetic, degradative, and regulatory pathways involving carbohydrate, protein, lipid, trace element, and vitamin…