Background Infants commonly experience acute, self-resolving changes in their breathing, tone, mental status, and skin color. Usually these events are normal manifestations of developmental immaturity. Nonetheless, caregivers may worry that the acute event could have been life-threatening or is a…
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden, unexpected death of an infant that is unexplained by a thorough postmortem examination, which includes a complete autopsy, investigation of the scene of death, and review of the medical history.…
Respiratory tract symptoms, including cough, wheeze, and stridor, occur frequently or persist for long periods in a substantial number of children; other children have persistent or recurring lung infiltrates with or without symptoms. Determining the cause of these chronic findings…
History The history begins with a narrative provided by the parent/caretaker with input from the patient. It should include questions about respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, cough, pain, wheezing, snoring, apnea, cyanosis, exercise intolerance), as well as their chronicity, timing during day…
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Inflammation of the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity can result from infectious, autoimmune, neoplastic, and chemical processes. Infectious peritonitis is usually defined as primary (spontaneous) or secondary. In primary peritonitis, the source of infection originates outside the abdomen and…
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Survival rates for pediatric liver transplantation are now >90% in the United States, in large part to refinements made in the critical care management of children with liver failure and advances in perioperative care and immunosuppression management. Protocols for immune…
Portal hypertension, defined as an elevation of portal pressure >10-12 mm Hg or a hepatic venous pressure gradient >4 mm Hg, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with liver disease. Portal hypertension occurs when there is increased portal…