Endometrial Hyperplasia Classification ▪ The 2014 WHO/ISGyP simplified the classification of hyperplasias to: Hyperplasia without atypia. Atypical hyperplasia (AH). Atypia refers only to cellular atypia. The traditional distinction between simple and complex endometrial hyperplasia is no longer included as it…
▪ Various non-neoplastic endometrial lesions, as well as normal and artifactual findings, can be problematic for the pathologist, especially their distinction from precancerous endometrial lesions and carcinomas. ▪ Table 7.1 groups the findings according to the subtype of endometrial carcinoma…
Preinvasive Glandular Lesions and Early Invasive Adenocarcinomas Adenocarcinoma in situ Clinical features ■ Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), like its invasive counterpart, has increased in incidence over the past 30 years. The median and mean patient ages are in the fourth…
Precursors Classification ▪ The classifications used for precursors of cervical invasive squamous cell carcinoma (ISqCC), in order of their historical development, are: (1) dysplasia/carcinoma in situ (CIS); (2) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); and (3) squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) (Bethesda; CAP-ASCCP…
Tumor-Like Lesions Metaplasias and Ectopias Squamous Metaplasia ( Figs. 4.1 – 4.2 ) ■ This normal process within the transitional zone of postpubertal women results in the replacement of endocervical surface and glandular epithelium by squamous epithelium, resulting in a…
Tumor-Like and Inflammatory Lesions Condyloma Acuminatum ▪ These resemble their vulvar counterparts ( Chapter 1 ) except for a more frequent occurrence of flat condylomas and those with a ‘spiked’ surface due to asperities or minute surface projections that contain…
Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Precursors Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) Terminology ■ The main types of VIN – usual VIN (uVIN) and differentiated VIN (dVIN) – each have distinctive clinical and pathologic features. This terminology has been incorporated into the…
Viral Infections Human Papillomavirus (Hpv) (Including Condyloma Acuminatum) Clinical and gross features ( Fig. 1.1 ) ▪ Sexually transmitted HPV (usually low-risk types, especially HPV 6 and 11) is the cause of condyloma acuminatum (venereal wart), the incidence of which…
Key Points When practicing innovative therapy for skin cancer treatment, consider which reputable similarly situated skin cancer specialists would support that particular treatment as expert witnesses. When a complication occurs during skin cancer treatment, maintaining the patient's trust is the…
Key Points Approximately 30% of all patients diagnosed with melanoma report levels of psychological distress indicative of the need for clinical intervention. Psychological distress has been associated with: patient delay in seeking medical advice; decreased adherence to treatment regimens; increased…