Incorporation of routine intraoperative assessment of axillary sentinel lymph node and breast tissue is feasible at most breast surgery centers and may result in significant clinical benefit to the patient. The use of intraoperative frozen section is reported to reduce…
Introduction Liver frozen sections, like frozen sections in general, are required when the results stand to alter the course of the surgical procedure. Indications for frozen section examination can be divided into four major categories: 1. Evaluation for possible metastatic…
Introduction Intraoperative/frozen section consultations on pancreaticobiliary surgeries are mainly performed for the assessment of resection margins of the specimens and to rule out the possibility of metastatic disease at sites such as liver, peritoneum, omentum, mesentery, and lymph nodes. Only…
Introduction Endoscopy and imaging modalities provide an easy access to lesions located within the small bowel, appendix, and proximal colon. As a result, the surgeon is typically well equipped with the preoperative diagnosis of the lesion in question, and intraoperative…
Introduction With rare exceptions, the primary role of intraoperative consultation (IOC) during colorectal surgery is to determine the extent of disease prior to primary resection, to evaluate the adequacy of tumor resection (margin evaluation), and to diagnose unusual or unexpected…
Introduction Intraoperative pathology consultation with or without frozen section analysis is commonly used during surgery performed for a variety of diseases involving the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It can be requested to determine completeness of cancer resection (margin status), assess…
Thoracic surgeons routinely rely on intraoperative consultations with frozen section to help determine the appropriate surgical procedure best indicated for a particular patient (Aijaz et al, 1993; Cohen and Flinner, 1960; Gal and Cagle, 2005; Gal, 2005; Sakai et al,…
Introduction Salivary gland tumors represent 2% to 6% of all head and neck neoplasms (Ellis and Auclair, 2008). Though uncommon, they present with unique challenges in diagnosis and effective treatment (Silva and Kraemer, 1987). The vast majority (60% to 80%)…
Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeons perform a variety of surgical procedures that require intraoperative consultation (IOC) with frozen section (FS). Surgical pathologists can receive biopsies or resection specimens from a variety of locations, including the oral cavity, floor of…
Intraoperative Consultation of Thyroid Lesions General Clinical Introduction Thyroid nodules are frequent in the general population and can be detected by ultrasound in up to 50% of adults. They are also often incidentally found on other imaging studies of the neck…