Key Points Nasal fractures tend to occur along the thinner bone below the intercanthal line. Septal fractures are commonly found in injuries where the nasal pyramid is deviated by at least half the nasal width. Nasal fractures from lateral trauma…
Key Points Examination of the patient should be performed before and after decongestion to fully evaluate the factors that contribute to nasal obstruction. The nasal cycle is an alternating one; the total resistance in the nose remains constant. In patients…
Key Points Protruding ears is one of the most common congenital deformities of the head and neck and occurs in 5% of whites. It is inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion with variable penetrance. Normal anatomy: 15- to 30-degree posterior angulation,…
Key Points The chin plays an important role in the facial profile and in overall facial appearance. The chin should be evaluated as it relates to other adjacent structures, such as the lips, nose, and teeth. It is crucial to…
Key Points Eyes play a central role in human communication because they allow for expression of emotions through nonverbal cues. Periorbital muscle activity allows for expression of emotions through the eyes. A thorough understanding of facial and eye anatomy is…
Key Points The modern female brow peak is closer to the lateral canthus than to the lateral limbus In many patients the medial brow does not descend and may actually elevate with age The shape of the upper lid crease…
Key Points Rhytidectomy has been performed in the United States for at least a century. During this time, the technique for performing the operation has undergone marked evolution. To date, no consensus exists among experts regarding what technique achieves the…
Key Points Combined resurfacing modalities tailored to skin type and location are more effective than a single modality alone. The ideal patient for skin resurfacing is the thin-skinned woman with a fair complexion and fine rhytids. Impairment of liver and/or…
Key Points Androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss in adults. The hair cycle has four stages—anagen, catagen, telogen, and exogen—and 90% of hair is in the growing, anagen phase. Dihydrotestosterone is associated with inhibiting the growth…
Key Points Local flaps may be classified by the method of movement and are referred to as pivotal, advancement, or hinged. Most flaps are moved by a combination of pivoting and advancement. Pivotal flaps move toward the defect they are…