Key Points The two most common risks for vocal fold mucosal vibratory injury are a high intrinsic tendency to use the voice (talkativeness, extroversion) and a high extrinsic opportunity or necessity to use the voice, driven by occupation, family needs,…
Key Points Laser technology has allowed for enhanced surgical treatment for a wide variety of otolaryngology indications, including those in otology, laryngology, bronchoesophagology, and facial plastic surgery. Every surgeon should have basic knowledge of laser physics and laser-tissue interactions to…
Key Points Management of patients with voice disorders is most effectively performed by a multidisciplinary team that includes a laryngologist, a speech-language pathologist, and a vocal pedagogue. All patients with voice disorders receive the same level of care regardless of…
Key Points Neurologic disorders of the larynx may be focal diseases or local manifestations of systemic disorders. Characteristic deficiencies found on clinical examination may aid in ascertaining the site of a lesion. Hyperfunctional disorders include dystonia, myoclonus, essential tremor, stuttering,…
Key Points Evaluation of the larynx and pharynx is a multidisciplinary endeavor that may involve otolaryngologists, neurologists, speech-language pathologists, and radiologists. Normal functions of the larynx include regulation of respiratory mechanics, airway protection during deglutition, and phonation. Normal function of…
Key Points The voice is multidimensional, so voice assessment should be multidimensional. Auditory, visual, and tactile perceptual examinations are key components of a voice evaluation. It is important to characterize the patient's perception of the problem and the impact of…
Key Points Laryngeal endoscopy, using flexible or rigid endoscopes, is used to examine vocal fold structure and gross function. Videostroboscopy is used to examine vocal fold vibration patterns and the relationship between the body and the cover. Laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy…
Key Points The upper aerodigestive tract serves the competing functions of respiration and swallowing. The anterior ends of the vocal folds are fixed at the anterior commissure. All motion of the vocal folds is caused by muscles that move the…
Key Points Facial pain is a frustrating and debilitating condition for patients and can be a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. Management and diagnosis of facial pain requires a multidisciplinary team approach. Determining the pathology of facial pain is vital…
Key Points Several inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disorders can present with nonspecific sinonasal symptoms requiring a high index of suspicion for timely diagnosis by the otorhinolaryngologist. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) frequently presents with sinonasal involvement, including crusting, bloody discharge, septal…