Indications Isolated posterior ankle pathology such as flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendonitis, posterior impingement from a Stieda process, an os trigonum, or soft tissue Posterior osteochondral defects Ankle fusion, or combined ankle and subtalar fusion Typically posterior ankle arthroscopy is…
Indications Residual lateral subfibular impingement, medial ankle, or medial arch pain Radiographic valgus tilt of the talus in the ankle mortise Secondary lateral knee pain, gait changes, or imbalance related to foot deformity Symptoms interfering with normal daily activity Indications…
Indications Symptomatic adult rigid flatfoot deformity due to dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon (stage III according to the classification of Johnson and Storm), which is not responding to conservative treatment Tarsal coalitions Inflammatory or posttraumatic arthritis of the hindfoot…
Indications Fixed hindfoot deformities Symptomatic hindfoot arthritis Salvage procedure of the foot Treatment Options Nonoperative treatments include hindfoot and ankle bracing Physical therapy and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs may help alleviate pain Examination/Imaging Weight-bearing physical examination reveals hindfoot range of motion,…
Indications Symptomatic osteoarthritis of the subtalar joint After calcaneal fracture In peritalar instability Symptomatic anterior ankle impingement/ankle osteoarthritis due to horizontalized talus Symptomatic valgus instability of the ankle in peritalar instability Painful tarsal coalition Indications Pitfalls Avascular necrosis of the…
Indications Posterior subtalar impingement syndrome due to symptomatic os trigonum Flexor hallucis longus tenosynovitis Arthrofibrosis Subtalar arthrosis Calcaneal/talar fracture reduction control Osteochondral lesions Indications Pitfalls Active infections Severe subtalar malalignment Indications Controversies Talocalcaneal coalitions Triple arthrodesis Examination/Imaging Range of motion…
Indications Talar neck fractures that can be reduced without making an incision using traction or manipulation only Lateral talar process fractures Medial talar fractures Posterior body fractures Minimally comminuted talar body fractures Indications Pitfalls Talar neck fractures with lateral comminution…
Indications Acute talar neck fractures (Hawkins type I–III) Nonunited talar neck fractures (<9 months after injury) Indications Pitfalls Closed reduction is not feasible (e.g., interposed fragment that cannot be removed arthroscopically). Extended defect on the anterior talar neck (comminuted area)…
Indications Displaced tongue-type fractures Large extraarticular fractures (>1 cm) with detachment of Achilles tendon and/or >2 mm displacement Urgent if skin is compromised Sanders type II and III Posterior facet displacement >2–3 mm, flattening of Böhler angle, or varus malalignment…
Indications Displaced intraarticular calcaneus fractures Simpler patterns Early fixation Patients at high risk for wound healing complications with extensile approaches including smokers, diabetics, and those with medical comorbidities Indications Pitfalls Inexperience with calcaneus fracture reduction techniques Fractures treated beyond 2–3…