Overview of Lumbar and Thoracic Disc Degeneration and Herniation Despite an improving understanding of degenerative disc disease on the basis of its natural history and basic science, treatment results of this entity vary greatly. There is no lack of treatment…
Overview of Disc Degeneration and Herniation in the Cervical Spine Cervical degenerative disc disease (DDD) is not a specific diagnosis but a pathophysiologic process that incorporates a spectrum of disease states. Manifestations of cervical DDD can range from neck pain…
Anatomy of Vertebral Column The vertebral column comprises 33 vertebrae divided into five sections (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal) ( Fig. 37.1 ). The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae are fused, which typically allows for…
General Principles Fractures are common in children, occurring at a rate of 12 to 30 per 1000 children every year. The risk of sustaining a fracture between birth and 16 years of age has been reported to be 42% to…
Neuromuscular disease in children includes conditions that affect the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions, and muscles. Accurate diagnosis is essential because the procedures commonly used to treat deformities in patients with neuromuscular disease such as poliomyelitis or cerebral palsy…
Poliomyelitis Acute anterior poliomyelitis is a viral infection localized in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and certain brainstem motor nuclei. One of three types of poliomyelitis viruses is usually the cause of infection, but other members of…
Etiology Cerebral palsy is a heterogeneous disorder of movement and posture that has a wide variety of presentations, ranging from mild motor disturbance to severe total body involvement. Because of this variability in clinical presentation and the absence of a…
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease The cause of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is unknown but has provoked considerable controversy. Previously, some authors thought that an inherited thrombophilia promoted thrombotic venous occlusion in the femoral vein, causing bone death in the femoral head and ultimately leading…
This chapter discusses congenital elevation of the scapula, congenital torticollis, and congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle, radius, and ulna. Congenital anomalies of the hand and certain other anomalies of the forearm are discussed in Chapter 81 . Congenital conditions of…
Developmental Dysplasia of the hip Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) generally includes subluxation (partial dislocation) of the femoral head or complete dislocation of the femoral head from the true acetabulum and acetabular dysplasia. In a newborn with true congenital…