KEY FACTS Hallux Rigidus Hallux rigidus is the most common arthritic condition in the foot. Hallux rigidus tends to be bilateral, although it is often not synchronous. The 1st metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint generally becomes stiffer and more painful as the…
KEY FACTS Hallux Valgus Hallux valgus is defined principally by the intermetatarsal angle; the distal metatarsal articular angle can also weigh on treatment decisions; the hallux valgus angle is the least relevant to treatment. Etiology is likely multifactorial with genetics…
KEY FACTS Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem disease resulting from defects in insulin secretion &/or resistance to insulin action, which culminates in systemic hyperglycemia, which can have negative effects, especially when chronically elevated. The total prevalence of diabetes in the…
KEY FACTS The foot is a complex “machine” consisting of many bones and joints kept in a fine balance by many extrinsic (leg) and intrinsic (foot) muscles. Any disruption of the precise muscle balance leads to progressive deformity of the…
KEY FACTS Arch height is widely variable in the population. A “low-arched foot” is not necessarily pathologic. Acquired flatfoot refers to an abnormal loss of the arch with pain. Acquired flatfoot is a common end point of many etiologies. Posterior…
KEY FACTS The use of orthotic devices varies in a fairly significant way depending on the training and background of the prescribing practitioner. Various practitioners, including orthopaedic surgeons, podiatrists, physical therapists, and more, prescribe orthotics for various pathologies, and there…
KEY FACTS A thorough physical examination includes the following components: Inspection Palpation Assessment of motion Strength testing Examination of vascular status Stability assessment Evaluation of alignment Assessment for gastrocnemius contracture Assessment of 1st-ray mobility Inspect for swelling, scars, skin condition,…
KEY FACTS The foot and ankle comprise a complex “machine” consisting of 26 bones and joints working together. The individual parts do not work in isolation. The ankle and hindfoot are 1 part of this machine, allowing the foot to…
Introduction Complications of the posterior and posterolateral aspects of the hip have been extremely uncommon. A comprehensive understanding of the anatomy, biomechanics, clinical evaluation, and diagnostic strategies allows the physician to interpret the vast array of pathologies routinely encountered in…
Introduction Hip arthroscopy is a commonly performed procedure used to treat intra- and extraarticular disorders of the hip. Since 2010, there has been a significant rise in the number of hip arthroscopies performed. This is because of a multitude of…