Introduction In the United States a meniscal tear is the most common diagnosis among patients undergoing knee arthroscopy, with incidence rates reported to exceed 50 people per 100,000. Patients with meniscal tears or meniscal deficiency have been shown over time…
Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are one of the most common injuries of the knee, with approximately 200,000 ruptures in the United States each year. On the contrary, only 3% of the injured knee ligaments are isolated posterior cruciate…
Introduction Multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) are a challenging clinical entity because of the increased number of ligaments involved, associated injuries, diagnosis, decision making about the optimal treatment and rehabilitation. These injuries are not as rare as previously reported; therefore a…
Introduction After the ‘rediscovery’ of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) by Claes et al. in 2013, there was considerable controversy regarding whether this structure even existed. Several authors reported that they were unable to identify its presence in a proportion of dissection…
Anatomy and Function The lateral aspect of the knee is composed of 28 unique structures that act as static and dynamic stabilisers of the knee during varus and rotational motion. To properly appreciate the anatomy and function of these structures,…
Introduction This chapter describes the clinical background for medial knee instability and the indications for surgical treatment of medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posteromedial corner injuries. Historically, treatment of acute medial collateral ligament injuries has focused on nonoperative therapies with…
Introduction The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the largest and strongest ligament in the knee, with a unique innate healing capacity. Therefore, as opposed to other ligaments such as the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), injuries to the PCL less commonly…
Anatomy Two functional bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL), were first described in 1836 ( Fig. 6.1 ). On the femoral insertion site, two osseous landmarks can be identified. The lateral intercondylar ridge…
Introduction Complex knee injuries are an orthopaedic problem that require knowledge not only of soft tissue anatomy but also lower limb biomechanics and alignment to establish an appropriate management plan and optimal patient outcome. Malalignment of the lower extremities causes…
Three-Dimensional Modelling and Printing in the Complex Knee There is a rapidly growing interest in three-dimensional (3D) modelling and printing in orthopaedic surgery. Advancements in imaging technology with the advent of 3D modelling and 3D printing have revolutionised the medical…