Fractures that involve the weight-bearing articular surface of the distal tibia are known as pilon or plafond fractures. They were first described by Destot in 1911 and by Bonin in 1950. In 1968, Rüedi et al were the first to…
The integrity of the soft tissue (ST) envelope is of paramount importance for any and all foot and ankle reconstructions. Although injury to the ST envelope is most often associated with trauma-related care, elective surgical procedures also are prone to…
Congenital foot deformities can result from inherited or extrinsic influences. Knowledge of prenatal growth and foot development is essential to understanding the pathophysiology of and choosing the appropriate treatment for congenital foot deformities. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Embryology The skeletal elements of…
An osteochondral lesion (OCL) is a defect on the articular surface of a joint with or without subchondral bone involvement. The first report of removal of a loose body from a knee joint, likely an unstable OCL, is attributed to…
ARTHROSCOPY OF THE ANKLE IN THE SUPINE POSITION History In 1910, Hans Christian Jocobaeus, a Swedish physician, started exploring the abdomen and thoracic cavity with the use of a laporothoracoscope. The Danish surgeon Severin Nordenthoff was the first to use…
Overview Stress fractures of the foot and ankle are common and can involve any bone from the tibia to the hallux sesamoids. This entity is a dynamic clinical syndrome that is characterized by exertional pain, localized tenderness, and swelling. Stress…
The literature concerning dysfunction of the Achilles tendon is confusing and contradictory, leaving a physician with a multitude of references that support not only varying etiologies but also treatment regimens diametrically opposed to one another. It would be impractical and…
Since its first appearance in the Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, Sixth Edition in 1992, the treatment of foot and ankle injuries in sport has continued to rapidly evolve. There has been an incredible explosion of knowledge related to…
Treatment by amputation has been seen as a procedure of last resort. The primary reason for amputation was geared to the preservation of life rather than a return to high levels of function or athletic endeavors. Although amputation has become…
Introduction Amputation of part or all of the foot may be the oldest form of foot surgery. Yet many surgeons abhor foot amputations, perhaps due to an innate repugnance of removing a body part, perhaps because amputation is seemingly so…