Introduction Metastatic lesions account for over 50% of intracranial lesions in adults. The most common primary locations of these metastases are lung, breast, skin and large intestine. The majority of intracranial metastases occur at the grey–white matter junction in the…
Indications Intra-axial lesions are located in close proximity to the motor cortex (rolandic and perirolandic regions including the supplementary motor area). The infiltrative rather displacing nature of gliomas makes this approach suitable for low-grade gliomas (astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma or oligodendrogliomas) and…
Indications Intra-axial lesions invading, or located in, eloquent areas related to the language cortex, especially in the dominant hemisphere. The infiltrative rather displacing nature of gliomas makes this approach very suitable for low-grade gliomas (astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma or oligodendrogliomas) and high-grade…
Introduction Improving safety and efficiency in the operating room has been the driving force behind technological advancements within the surgical suite. Development of minimally invasive surgical techniques has played a large role in this endeavor, with the first minimally invasive…
Synopsis The vast majority of brachial plexus birth injuries (BPBIs) are caused by traction to the brachial plexus during labor. The incidence of BPBI is about 1 to 2 per 1000 births. Typically, the C5 and C6 spinal nerves are…
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) refers to a group of complex symptoms in the upper extremity caused by compression of the brachial plexus, the subclavian artery, and the subclavian vein between the interscalene triangle and the inferior border of the axilla.…
The incidence of traumatic cranial nerve injury is approximately 5% to 23%. Nontraumatic and iatrogenic injuries are not uncommon. Cranial nerve injuries are caused by direct impact or indirect transference of energy from the skull base and/or bony elements surrounding…
In the United States, it is estimated that annually six out of every 1 million people undergo surgery for peripheral nerve tumors. The neurosurgeon is often consulted to diagnose and manage tumors involving the peripheral nerves of the extremities. Intraneural…
Introduction In 1887, Sir Victor Horsley performed the first successful surgical excision of a spinal intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumor, which was diagnosed by William Gower. Since then, advances in imaging, anesthesia, surgical techniques, and monitoring have made surgical resection of…
Nerve compression is a common cause of spontaneous neurologic dysfunction. The term “entrapment neuropathy” should be used only to describe situations in which a small addition to the content of an already crowded osteomuscular channel causes compression, constriction, or distortion…