Introduction Studies of disease concordance rates among monozygotic and dizygotic twins suggest that 53–84% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) population risk is genetically determined. * * Refers to the proportion of disease risk that is genetically determined both within and…
History The term “amyotrophic lateral sclerosis” (ALS) was first proposed by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1874, deriving the name from his method of correlating clinical symptoms and signs with anatomical lesions found at autopsy. While working at the Salpetriere Hospital in…
Introduction Motor neurons (MN) are a diverse group of cells without which complex life would not be possible. MNs are responsible for integrating signals from the brain and the sensory systems to control voluntary and involuntary movements. Though MNs can…
End of Chapter___Ref title Basic Principles of Mental Status Testing (Chapters 1–6) Ahmadian N., van Baarsen K., van Zandvoort M., Robe P.A.: The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome—a meta-analysis. Cerebellum 2019; 18: pp. 941-950. Clark D.L., Boutros N.N., Mendez M.F.: The…
10 Select Mental Status Scales Pages SHORT (≤5 minutes) Clock Drawing Test Mini-Cog Six-Item Screener Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire Short Test of Mental Status MODERATE (5–15 minutes) Mini-Mental State Examination Montreal Cognitive Assessment Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale Saint…
Arousal, Attention, and Other Fundamental Functions AROUSAL 1. Verbal and Physical Stimulation. If a patient is not awake or responding to the environment, the examiner loudly calls the patient’s name while tapping him/her and, if still unresponsive, the clinicians applies…
The application of telemedicine extends to the administration of the mental status examination via telephone or videoconferencing and the use of computers for cognitive testing. “Tele-neurobehavior” is defined here as the use of telecommunications to evaluate neurocognition and related behavior…
The neuropsychological examination is the ultimate extension of the mental status examination (MSX). Neuropsychological testing involves the administration of standardized, validated, and reliable instruments to patients, usually under the supervision of a professional neuropsychologist. Referral for this testing is necessary…
There are over 50 general mental status scales for assessing cognition, and a large number of inventories for behavioral assessment. This does not include the many available targeted mental status scales, which focus on a particular disorder or syndrome that…
This chapter discusses scales and inventories for mental status assessment. Scales are instruments for measuring or grading mental status attributes, and inventories are questionnaires for surveying or cataloging mental status traits. Scales and inventories are useful for screening for the…