Introduction Neuromodulation is an important therapy that modulates/modifies neural responses to a neural stimulus so the body has a different response at the peripheral, spinal, or brain level. Neuromodulation can be performed by electrical stimulation or by drug delivery. Intrathecal…
Introduction The primary headache disorders, migraine and the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs), are severely disabling neurologic conditions and constitute a therapeutic challenge. Each of these disorders now has strict and validated criteria for diagnosis, promulgated in the International Classification of…
Introduction Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) has matured significantly over the past 40 years in terms of a better understanding of the indications for its use and implant techniques necessary for a successful outcome. Picaza et al. in reported placing coiled electrodes…
Introduction Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNfS) is a new and exciting area of neurostimulation. It belongs to the general category of electrical stimulation of the peripheral nervous system. However, instead of stimulating a well-defined nerve trunk, the stimulation is applied…
Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by the National Institute on Aging (1R44AG052196-01). The content of this chapter is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute on Aging.…
Introduction The concept of using neuromodulation for treatment of chronic axial pain (back and neck) is not new—as a matter of fact, chronic back pain was one of the earliest indications for spinal cord stimulation (SCS) when this modality was…
Introduction Facial pain is a common condition that affects approximately 10%–25% of the worldwide adult population ( ). It is a serious health problem, and significantly affects the daily functioning of patients. The main types of facial pain are trigeminal…
Disclosures Joseph Boggs, PhD, is an employee of and owns equity in SPR Therapeutics. John Chae, MD, ME, is a consultant to and owns equity in SPR Therapeutics. Maria Bennett, MS, is an employee of and owns equity in SPR…
The mammalian nerve is comprised of a core or axon surrounded by an axolemma that is contained within a complex sheath which varies in diameter and is either dependent or not on the presence of myelin. Myelinated fibers are made…
Introduction General Considerations About Spinal Cord Stimulation Cost Studies A cost-effective therapy is not necessarily the most inexpensive available; rather, cost-effective choices provide clinical benefits that exceed those offered by other therapies and often reduce the consumption of healthcare resources…