Introduction One of the major technological advancements over recent years in spinal cord stimulation (SCS) therapy comes from the introduction of a novel 10 kHz high-frequency (HF) waveform to treat severe chronic pain with seemingly greater effectiveness than traditional paresthesia-producing…
Acknowledgments The author thanks Allison Foster, PhD, an independent medical writer on the author’s staff, for her intellectual contribution to the drafting of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Statement Dr. Verrills is a shareholder of Clinical Intelligence Pty Ltd., and…
Disclosure S. Schu is a consultant for St. Jude Medical Inc. for training and education. T. Vancamp reports no conflict of interest. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial…
Introduction The use of neurostimulation to change the perception of pain and modulate neural responses has become an important part of the pain treatment continuum. Advocates herald neurostimulation as an important part of this continuum for intractable neuropathic and mixed-pain…
Introduction Since the 1970s, when spinal cord stimulation (SCS) first came into widespread clinical use, its most common application has been management of persistent pain following low back surgery, commonly known as the failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). It was…
Overview In Western countries neuromodulation is increasingly used for peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP). To know the indications for neuromodulation therapies and understand how to diagnose PNP disorders, one must be familiar not only with the principles of the techniques, but…
Introduction Much has occurred since the 2009 edition of this book was published. Terms like causalgia, described by Mitchell in 1864 ( ), and reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), coined by , were replaced with the umbrella taxonomy of complex regional…
Introduction Algorithms provide a set of general rules or instructions to solve a specific problem in a particular instance. In contrast to mathematical or engineering algorithms, where a rigid workflow provides a precise prediction, medical algorithms for appropriate interventions for…
Introduction Physical pain is a leading cause of healthcare spending, work-related disability, and morbidity in the United States ( ). According to a 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the direct and indirect costs of chronic pain were found to range…
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for recollections contributed by personal communication with: Donlin M. Long, MD, PhD, retired Director and Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Thomas J. Mortimer, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Biomedical…