Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Yadollah Harati who authored this chapter in the previous edition. Introduction 1. What is a myopathy? A myopathy is a disorder in which there is a primary functional or…
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Embryology 1. How is the neural tube formed? Beginning around the 18th gestational day, a midline notochordal thickening anterior to the blastopore forms the neural plate. A midsagittal groove called the neural groove appears in the plate, and the sides…
Introduction 1. Why is it important to understand the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms that govern normal and abnormal nervous system function? To select the most appropriate diagnostic tests and interpretation of test results To optimize drug therapy by mechanisms…
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Overview of Functional Disorders Functional disorder is a disorder of the function of the patient without a neurologic cause. The etiology is in the mind of the patient, usually subconsciously but sometimes with conscious intent. Conversion disorder is considered to…
Clinical Presentation of Tumors With Neurologic Involvement Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) have protean manifestations. Although they commonly present with focal neurologic findings, they can often be more insidious in onset, with more subtle manifestations. Intracranial tumors (benign…
Overview of Autoimmune Disorders Autoimmune disorders rely on clinical diagnosis including localization. However, there is no specific examination finding that indicates autoimmune pathogenesis. The diagnosis of most autoimmune disorders is syndromic and is supported by careful examination, laboratory studies, and…
Approach to Differential Diagnosis Assessment of the Visual Disturbance Visual disturbance usually falls into one of several categories but sometimes it is in more than one category, depending on whether visual loss is accompanied by other deficits. Types of visual…
Movement disorders are impairments of movement not due to corticospinal tract dysfunction, although some movement disorders can be associated with corticospinal findings as a component (e.g., multiple system atrophy; MSA). Movement disorders may involve increased (hyperkinetic) or decreased (hypokinetic) movement.…