The diagnosis of headache depends on the report of head pain and on a specific classification of the headache depending on details of the history and examination. Headache is classified as primary or secondary. Principles The brain itself has no…
Clinical Presentations of Neuromuscular Disorders Neuromuscular conditions produce motor and/or sensory disturbance, but the key to suspicion of this localization is the history and examination. To illustrate, the findings in the following scenarios direct the search to a neuromuscular process.…
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy A seizure is a set of clinical symptoms due to abnormal electrical activity of the brain. Epilepsy is a syndrome where there have been recurrent unprovoked seizures or a single unprovoked seizure with findings to…
Introduction Stroke is the most common serious neurologic disorder, the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and second in the world, and the most common cause of neurologic disability in adults. Over 800,000 strokes occur each year…
Introduction Speech and language are important to our human existence, and they affect our ability to communicate with other people. Speech involves the articulation of language sounds via the vocal apparatus. Language involves the manipulation of symbols in the production…
The disorders of mental status include focal syndromes, such as aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, and neglect, followed by more diffuse syndromes, such as delirium and dementia. The aphasias are discussed in Chapter 5.2 . Apraxia: Neurology of Learned Movement Apraxia is…
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Overview For multisystem disorders, the diagnosis often depends on identifying the combination of neurologic and nonneurologic manifestations. For example, neuropathy plus macrocytic anemia should raise concern for B12 or folate deficiency. Confusion, neuropathy, and gastrointestinal (GI) distress might raise concern…
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Reflex Physiology Reflexes are used for examination purposes, but they demonstrate integral and sometimes complex functioning of the nervous system. Reflexes can be physiologic and pathologic. Physiologic reflexes use pathways that are normally functioning in a patient of the particular…