Introduction Recent studies have demonstrated that elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and total cholesterol (TC) levels and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are particularly significant risk factors for ischemic cerebrovascular disease—is the second leading cause of death after…
Introduction Stroke is well suited for prevention as it has a high prevalence, a number of modifiable factors proven to reduce stroke risk, and a high societal economic and disability burden . An international observational study, INTERSTROKE, showed that 10…
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disorder characterized by unilateral or bilateral steno-occlusion of the main trunks of the circle of Willis and the development of basal collateral channels, including hypertrophy of the lenticulostriate and thalamoperforating arteries, which results…
Introduction Extracranial–intracranial (EC–IC) bypass procedures have played an important role in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease since their development in the 1960s. They serve two main purposes : (1) flow replacement when managing challenging aneurysms or tumors requiring cerebral vessel…
Introduction Posterior circulation stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) constitute 20% of all cerebrovascular ischemic events, with vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis (VBA), the primary etiology in up to 35% . Aggressive medical therapy may reduce the risk of recurrence; however, 30-day and…
Introduction Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are clusters of direct connections of arteries to draining veins without intervening capillary bed . The three main components of an AVM are one or more feeding arteries, the nidus at the site of the…
Introduction A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangle of dysplastic blood vessels characterized by abnormal connections between arteries and veins. Dilated arteries and a nidus drained by arterialized veins without intervening capillaries form a high-flow, low-resistance shunt between the…
Introduction The term “pituitary apoplexy” (PA) was first described in context of five autopsies in which hemorrhagic necrosis was noted in pituitary adenomas; the studied patients had a history of clinical dyspituitarism and sudden death . This condition is exceptionally…
Introduction Aneurysms are one of the most common vascular anomalies of the central nervous system but are far less common in children than in adults. These structurally abnormal areas of the arterial wall can cause bleeding, compression of adjacent structures,…
Introduction Giant cerebral aneurysms (GCAs) have been defined by convention as aneurysms that are 2.5 cm or greater in diameter. These lesions constitute approximately 5% of intracranial aneurysms and are the result of progressive enlargement of a small aneurysm .…