Anatomical and biochemical pathologic processes of PD Historical introduction Parkinson disease (PD) was first described in 1817 with the publication by James Parkinson of a small book entitled An Essay on the Shaking Palsy ( ). In it, he described…
Introduction Parkinsonism is a syndrome manifested by a combination of the following six cardinal motor features: tremor-at-rest, rigidity, bradykinesia, loss of postural reflexes, flexed posture, and freezing (motor blocks). A combination of these signs is used to clinically define definite,…
Introduction The basal ganglia comprise a collection of nuclear structures deep in the brain and have been defined anatomically and functionally. Anatomically, the basal ganglia are the deep nuclei in the telencephalon. Functionally, three closely associated structures, the subthalamic nucleus…
Movement, whether voluntary or involuntary, is produced by the contraction of muscle. Muscle, in turn, is normally controlled entirely by the anterior horn cells or alpha motoneurons. An anterior horn cell with its innervated muscle fibers is called the motor…
To study the phenomenon of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all. Sir William Osler Fundamentals The quotation from Sir William Osler in 1901…
In this chapter, we review the management of aneurysms and vascular malformations in women during pregnancy and puerperium. The lesions discussed include moyamoya disease, dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF), arteriovenous malformations, and cavernous malformations. Neurosurgical Procedures During Pregnancy To determine recommendations…
Introduction There has been a recent surge in literature regarding noninvasive techniques that stimulate the brain to better understand plastic changes following stroke, and to modulate neuroplasticity to enhance post-stroke motor recovery. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) can be broadly categorized…
Rehabilitation after stroke concentrates on reducing physical and cognitive impairments and the disabilities they induce so as to return patients to more independently managed self-care, mobility, communication, and daily activities. Care goals include prevention of the complications of immobility, dysphagia,…
Funding Information Supported by NIH NS20989. Introduction Anticoagulants continue to play a central role in the prevention of stroke. Unlike thrombolytics, anticoagulants do not degrade clot; rather, they prevent thrombus formation and propagation by reduction of fibrin formation. Anticoagulants act…
Introduction Ischemic stroke presents several opportunities for medical intervention, distinguished by their relative timing: 1. primary prevention of a stroke; 2. control of tissue damage in the acute ischemic stroke setting; 3. secondary prevention following a transient ischemic attack (TIA)…