Introduction Motility and secretion are controlled through neural, hormonal, and paracrine systems. The hierarchy of neural control begins in the enteric nervous system (ENS), a localized intrinsic system able to self-regulate control. Modification and regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) function also…
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the NIH-NINDS (R01NS049516), NCRR (M01RR000080 and UL1RR024989) and NCATS (UL1TR000439). This investigation was approved by the Institutional Review Board of MetroHealth Medical Center (IRB98-00091). Conflict of Interest Notification Dr. DiMarco holds two United States…
Conflict of Interest Disclosure Dr. Raymond Onders, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine have intellectual property rights involved with the diaphragm pacing system and equity in Synapse Biomedical who manufactures the device. You’re Reading…
Introduction When one considers electricity a digital drug , it becomes evident that any innervated organ should be amenable to neuromodulation. The field of neuromodulation is expanding greatly, with novel targets constantly being explored, from cardiac disease to urinary incontinence.…
Disclosures Dr. Abraham has received consulting fees from Respicardia. Dr. Germany is an employee of Respicardia. Introduction Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a disorder in which the brain fails to send appropriate signals to the respiratory muscles to breathe, resulting…
Acknowledgment I would like to thank Saifur Rashid for editing this manuscript. Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects 2%–4% of the adult population and is most commonly seen in middle aged, overweight men. A study at the University of Wisconsin…
Acknowledgments This material is based upon work supported (or supported in part) by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service. [Strohl 1I21RX002041]. This work is also supported by the…
Hypertension: Prevalence and Population Health Hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world with an incidence that continues to rise and currently affects 25% of the adult population, roughly 1 billion people, worldwide ( ). Long-standing,…
Neuromodulation for Refractory Angina Pectoris Definition, Pathology, and Symptomatology of Angina Pectoris Angina pectoris, first described by William Heberden in the 18th century, is a clinical syndrome characterized by discomfort in the chest, jaw, shoulder, back, or arm. described angina…
Introduction Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) includes a diverse group of disorders that lead to progressive stenosis or occlusion of the aorta and its noncoronary branch arteries, including the carotid, upper-extremity, visceral, and lower-extremity arteries. The most common cause of lower…