History of the Topic History of the Problem Bladder control is profoundly disrupted by spinal cord injury. Bladder and kidney complications are responsible for much morbidity and frequent outpatient and inpatient care, with substantial economic and social costs. Lesions of…
Background and Definitions Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is a severely debilitating chronic disorder characterized by pain perceived to arise from the bladder, exacerbated by bladder filling, and associated with urinary urgency or frequency. The condition has been known to…
Introduction In 1982, the first sacral nerve neuromodulation (SNM) was performed by Tanagho and Schmidt at the University of California in San Francisco ( ). SNM, delivered by the InterStim system and developed by Medtronic (Minneapolis, MN, USA), was first…
Introduction The urogenital system has two major subdivisions: (1) the urinary tract, which is responsible for the production, storage, and elimination of urine, and (2) the genital tract, which is involved in reproductive activity. Many functions of the urogenital system…
Normal gastrointestinal (GI) motility is regulated by its own bioelectrical activity, and GI dysmotilities are often accompanied by abnormal, bioelectrical activity in the GI tract. Therefore, improving of GI motility can theoretically be achieved through external, electrical stimulation to adjust…
Introduction As the use of neuromodulation for the treatment of adults with various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders has grown over the past two decades, so has interest in the application of these treatments to children with GI disorders. Some of the…
Introduction Nausea and vomiting (NV) are common symptoms representative of numerous etiologies; however, persistent symptoms of intractable NV are highly sensitive of GI disorders on the gastroparetic spectrum. Due to common prevalence of these symptoms in the general population, gastroparesis…
Introduction Although the earliest study of electrical stimulation of the gut was reported more than 40 years ago, the development of the field is slow when compared to cardiac pacing or other areas of neuromodulation including spinal cord stimulation, deep…
Introduction Gastrointestinal motility disorders (GMDs) are common along the gut and are one of major causes of functional gastrointestinal (GI) diseases that affect more than 20% of general population and account for more than 40% of patients seen in GI…
Introduction The complexity of chronic abdominal pain requires an understanding of its associated physical and psychosocial features as it may cause severe disruptions in functional capacity and quality of life (QOL) ( ). Complexity of chronic abdominal pain is costly…