Objective This chapter will: 1. Provide an overview of newly developed definitions for sepsis and septic shock 2. Summarize the manner in which the clinical criteria were derived and validated using clinical data in an evidence-based manner 3. Identify the…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Provide an overview of tropical areas and tropical infections causing acute kidney injury (AKI). 2. Describe epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and management of common tropical infections causing AKI, including leptospirosis, malaria, dengue, and hantavirus infection.…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. 2. Discuss prevention of acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. 3. Discuss the management of hepatorenal syndrome in the…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Outline the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system in response to invading pathogens. 2. Define characteristics of the adaptive immune response and its interplay with the innate immune response in septic, ischemic, and…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Briefly review essential features of innate immunity as the first line of defense against microbial invaders. 2. Describe the mechanisms by which the innate immune system rapidly recognizes danger to host viability induced by either…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Discuss general concepts of common infections in the intensive care unit. 2. Review risk factors and strategies to decrease microbial resistance including antimicrobial stewardship. 3. Discuss particular characteristics pertinent to critically ill patients such as…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Describe the benefits that nutritional support can provide in the critically ill. 2. Explain the reasons why enteral nutrition should be preferred. 3. Discuss the risks associated with gastric feeding. 4. Outline three alternative strategies…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Describe the nature of stress-induced hyperglycemia. 2. Explore the possible significance of normoglycemia in critically ill patients. 3. Discuss the importance of blood glucose control and nutritional support. 4. Describe the risk and incidence of…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Describe the complex metabolic milieu of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. 2. Explain the effects of acute kidney injury on the metabolism of nutrients and reveal the nutritional requirements of critically ill patients…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Outline the limitations of current definitions of anemia. 2. Describe the relationship of the anemias of inflammation and critical illness. 3. Review literature outlining the epidemiology of the anemia of critical illness. 4. Outline the…