Objectives This chapter will: 1. Describe the conditions leading to fluid derangement in cardiorenal syndromes. 2. Propose a structured approach for the diagnosis and management of the cardiorenal patient with fluid overload. 3. Define five steps in the management of…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Discuss the importance of fluid status assessment in the setting of the intensive care unit and the correlation between fluid overload and adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. 2. Describe noninvasive methods to assess fluid…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Review the pathophysiology related to fluid status and the four phases of fluid resuscitation. 2. Review clinical parameters available to assess fluid volume, fluid responsiveness, and fluid overload. 3. Discuss practical issues regarding fluid administration…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Describe the effect of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on stroke and cognitive function. 2. Discuss dialysis adequacy, acute disturbances such as delirium, and dialysis disequilibrium syndrome in using of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. 3. Review…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Provide an overview of deceased kidney donation and discuss donor medical suitability. 2. Describe the physiologic sequelae of brain death, the effect on organ function, and protective strategies that may prevent damage to transplantable organs.…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Present the basic pathophysiology of cerebral edema. 2. Give the characteristics of patients at risk for cerebral edema. 3. Describe the standard supportive management of cerebral edema. 4. Discuss the issues to consider when prescribing…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Discuss the theoretical basis for the use of extracorporeal liver support devices (ECLSDs) in acute and chronic liver failure. 2. Describe the structure and function of current artificial and bioartificial ECLSDs. 3. Review the current…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Present the risk factors for early postoperative acute kidney injury after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), including pre-OLT, intraoperative factors, and post-OLT factors. 2. Present the factors affecting renal dysfunction in long-term survivors. 3. Suggest strategies…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Discuss the characteristics and the clinical impact of hepatorenal syndrome. 2. Discuss the pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome. 3. Discuss the management and the available treatments of hepatorenal syndrome. Patients with advanced cirrhosis frequently show a…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Give the reader an overview of the liver as an acid-base organ. 2. Describe the complexities of the liver-kidney interaction at the molecular level. 3. Relate the pathophysiologic abnormalities of liver-kidney interactions to outcomes of…