General information The bile acids are used in the long-term treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Ursodeoxycholic acid is the 7-epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is a derivative of ursodeoxycholic acid. Drug studies Observational studies In a retrospective review of medical…
General information Metformin (rINN) is the only biguanide commonly used; buformin (rINN) and phenformin (rINN) have been withdrawn in many countries [ ] because of dangerous adverse effects. However, they are still available in a few countries, and with increasing…
See also Antiandrogens General information Mason has reviewed the role of antiandrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer, arguing that with earlier initiation of therapy the long-term adverse effects of castration need to provide the standard by which the acceptability…
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General information Bevacizumab is an anti-angiogenic agent that has been rationally designed to target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key mediator in angiogenesis. It was approved by the FDA in February 2004 for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal…
General information Bethanechol is a quaternary ammonium compound that shares both the muscarinic and nicotinic actions of acetylcholine but it is much more slowly deactivated. It has been used to treat clomipramine-induced orgasmic dysfunction [ ], as well as decrease…
General information Beta-lactamases are genetically and structurally closely related to penicillin-binding proteins. Their production by bacteria is a major mechanism of resistance to the action of beta-lactam antibiotics. Drugs have therefore been developed that inhibit beta-lactamase, as a way of…
General information The beta-lactam antibiotics still comprise roughly half of the antibiotic market worldwide. The common structure that defines the whole family of beta-lactam antibiotics is the four-membered, highly reactive beta-lactam ring, which is essential for antimicrobial activity [ ].…
General information Many beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) have been developed, and their adverse effects have been comprehensively reviewed [ ]. The spectrum of adverse effects is broadly similar for all beta-blockers, despite differences in their pharmacological properties, notably cardioselectivity, partial agonist…
See also individual agents General information Beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonists are widely used in asthma and have inevitably been associated with a number of problems. Some of these are attributable to the drugs themselves, others to the formulations in which…