1 Define pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary artery hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (> 25 mm Hg) from any cause. Pulmonary artery hypertension (World Health Organization [WHO] group 1) was previously referred to as primary…
1 What is heart failure? Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood. The cardinal manifestations of HF…
1 What are the known risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease? Age, male gender, and positive family history (first-degree relative with coronary artery disease [CAD], male < 55 years or female < 65 years) are risk factors…
1 Which patients should be cared for in the postanesthetic care unit? According to American Society of Anesthesiologists standards, all patients who have received an anesthetic of any kind shall receive postanesthetic management of some kind. Postanesthetic care unit (PACU)…
1 What is normal core body temperature? What is the definition of hypothermia and hyperthermia? Normal core body temperature is approximately 37°C. Core body temperature is not constant and fluctuates throughout the day (± 0.5°C), with circadian rhythm, and in…
1 Review the classifications of memory and awareness. Memory can be classified as implicit (unconscious memory) and explicit (conscious memory). Conscious recollection of events, including intraoperative events, would fall under the category of explicit memory. Awareness with recall (AWR) during…
Aspiration 1 What is aspiration? Aspiration is the passage of material from the pharynx into the trachea. Aspirated material can originate from the stomach, esophagus, mouth, or nose. The materials involved can be particulate matter (e.g., food), a foreign body,…
1 What blood pressure value is considered hypertensive? The definitions for blood pressure (BP) categories changed in 2017 according to the guidelines released by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology. A normal BP is less than 120/80 mm Hg.…
1 What are the common indications for placement of a permanent pacemaker? Common indications are as follows: symptomatic bradycardia that is not reversible, third-degree heart block (sometimes referred to as complete heart block ) is a problem of the atrioventricular…
1 Describe the electrical conduction system of the heart. The electrical conduction system of the heart is a network of specialized myocardial cells that generate, regulate, and propagate a series of electrical impulses. These impulses are generated by subtle changes…