1 Review the thyroid hormone laboratory tests. Thyroid hormone laboratory tests include: Total thyroxine (T 4 ) level Total triiodothyronine (T 3 ) level—formed from the peripheral conversion of T 4 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level—formed in anterior pituitary Resin T…
1 Describe the principal types of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus: An autoimmune disorder in which destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets results in the inability to produce insulin. Onset is more common in children…
1 What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its anesthetic considerations? Also known as Lou Gehrig disease , amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of both upper and lower motor neurons resulting from degeneration of alpha motor neurons in the…
1 What is malignant hyperthermia (MH) and its underlying defect? Malignant hyperthermia is a disastrous and sudden syndrome evoked by the administration of triggering anesthetic agents, including volatile anesthetics and depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. Unfortunately, there is no distinct phenotype…
1 Define intracranial hypertension. Intracranial pressure (ICP) in humans is normally between 5 and 15 mm Hg. Intracranial hypertension is defined as a sustained ICP greater than 20 mm Hg. 2 What are the determinants of ICP? The brain parenchyma,…
1 What is normal cerebral blood flow (CBF)? At what level is CBF considered ischemic? Normal CBF in humans is 40 to 60 mL/100 g/min (15% of cardiac output). The cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO 2 ) in adults…
1 Describe the anatomy of the kidney. The kidneys are paired organs lying retroperitoneally against the posterior abdominal wall. Although their combined weight is only 300 g (about 0.5% of total body weight), they receive 20% to 25% of the…
1 Describe normal liver anatomy. How is blood supply provided to the liver? The human liver consists of four anatomic lobes (left, right, caudate, quadrate) and eight surgical lobes (I–VIII). The liver receives approximately 20% to 25% of the cardiac…
1 How would you define acute respiratory distress syndrome? The most commonly used definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), known as the Berlin definition ( Table 40.1 ), was described in 2012. The Berlin definition describes ARDS as: (1)…
1 Define reactive airway disease. The term reactive airway disease (RAD) is used to describe a family of diseases that share the common characteristic of airway sensitivity to physical, chemical, or pharmacological stimuli. This sensitivity results in a bronchoconstrictor response…