Key points • Skeletal augmentation and soft tissue augmentation can be complementary but are not interchangeable. • Patients with deficient infraorbital rim projection can be predisposed to lower lid malposition after blepharoplasty and can benefit from augmentation of the infraorbital…
• Skeletal contouring can add convexity to the profile and narrow the face from the frontal view. • Procedures on the zygoma, mandible, and chin are usually combined to obtain optimal results. • Skeletal contraction will result in increased soft…
Key points • As the aesthetic impact of orthognathic surgery is increasingly appreciated, occlusal plane rotation may be used by the surgeon to optimize facial balance. This approach requires bimaxillary surgery. • Over impaction can cause a significantly “aged” appearance.…
Key points • To simplify diagnosis and corrective surgical planning the mandible may be considered in: a genial component, a ramus-and-corpus component, and a dentoalveolar component. • The chin has no clearly defined function however it forms a key element…
• The overall facial arc should have a slight convexity, with the projection greatest at the subnasale (anterior nasal spine [ANS]). • Women typically prefer a more convex face, which is more feminine, rather than a flatter face, which is…
Key points • The overall facial arc should have a slight convexity, with the projection greatest at the subnasale. • Women typically prefer a more convex face, which is more feminine, rather than a flatter face, which is typical of…
Key points • The advantage of using CBCT is the accurate visualization of the root angulations. • Initial records using CBCT technology and intraoral scans of the dentitions can be used to simulate treatment outcomes, and this can be extremely…
Key points • Cephalometric analysis is performed in three-dimensions to allow the surgeon and the orthodontist to address asymmetry in all three planes. • The time-consuming laboratory process of facebow transfer, plaster mounting of dental casts, sectioning, repositioning, and remounting…
• Orthognathic surgery should achieve a functional occlusion while optimizing facial form. • Aesthetic facial analysis takes priority over cephalometric norms when developing the treatment plan. • Treatment plans should be designed that will optimally support the soft tissue as…
Key points • The embryological components of the facial skeleton are derived from the three divisions of the skull: the desmocranium, the chondrocranium and the viscerocranium. • The ectomeninx has chondrogenic and osteogenic properties which translate into intramembranous bone that…