• Autologous bone and cartilage grafts remain important tissue sources for surgery of the facial skeleton due to their biocompatibility and long-term success rates. • The revascularization of autologous grafts reduces long-term complications because the graft ultimately establishes a blood…
Key points • Select an access incision that will provide the most direct route to the underlying bone. • A coronal incision can be used to access the cranial vault, forehead, zygoma, orbit, nasal dorsum, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and condylar/subcondylar…
Key points • The visible surgical result is related to the soft tissue envelope and not the underlying skeletal structures that support the facial surfaces and volumes. • Predicting how a procedure will change the skeletal framework is simple; forecasting…
• Photography is an essential tool to objectively document patient conditions, evaluate physical deformities, plan treatment approaches, and assess surgical outcomes. • In plastic surgery, clinical photography accomplishes two goals primarily: first, documentation of preoperative conditions and postoperative surgical results,…
Key points • The deleterious effects of ionizing radiation are cumulative, necessitating the judicious use of ionizing radiation. • Cone beam CT (CBCT) allows for image capture that displays excellent spatial resolution (image detail) of hard tissue at a relatively…
Key points • Patient-reported outcome instruments (PROIs) are questionnaires that measure concepts by asking patients directly, without clinician interpretation, and should be used to measure procedural outcomes. • The FACE-Q is a new validated, reliable, and responsive PROI. • There…
Key points • Celebrities’ values and beauty standards are a major influence on patients seeking aesthetic surgery. • The explosion of social media and reality television has become an ever-increasing motivator for patients to consider aesthetic surgery. • The K-Pop…
• Darwin’s description of the theory of natural selection is one of the earliest scientific acknowledgments of the importance of physical appearance. • Evolutionary theorists believe that the ability to develop symmetrical features in a world full of environmental pathogens…
Key points • Complete reliance on cephalometric analysis for treatment may lead to suboptimal aesthetic results. • Beautiful faces of different ethnicities have quite different shapes, but individuals of all ethnicities recognize them as beautiful. • Faces that conform to…
Key points • The patient’s perspective and desire must be understood and discussed in detail because they might be different from that of the surgeon’s. • Dental evaluation is crucially important in the evaluation of facial aesthetics. • Psychologic consideration…