Key points • The anterior and posterior ethmoid foramen are the intraoperative anatomical landmarks to visualize for the level of a subcranial osteotomy. Violation of the frontal bone via an orbital osteotomy above these landmarks carries the risk of cerebrospinal…
Key points • An implant-retained prosthesis has an average expected lifespan of 18-36 months. • Successful rehabilitation with osseointegration requires the presence of viable bone in the area of reconstruction and a good surgical candidate. • Maintaining realistic expectations of…
Key points • Prosthodontics is the art and science of the aesthetic and functional restoration of the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. • Osseointegration is arguably the most significant contribution to prosthetic dentistry and has become a…
Key points • Augmentation, feminization, masculinization, and other adjustments to the cranium can be done with implants, osteotomies, hydroxyapatite bone cements, and autogenous bone grafts. Soft tissue can further be augmented with fat grafting, filler materials, or free tissue transfer.…
• Preoperative evaluation must include assessment of nasal function as well as aesthetic goals. • Each approach should be individualized to the patient. Surgical planning must take into consideration form, function, age, gender, and ethnic background. • Computer imaging and…
Key points • Thorough analysis of the whole face and the nose, along with full understanding of the nasal dynamics, are required for planning a successful rhinoplasty outcome. • An optimal rhinoplasty outcome requires congruity between the nose and the…
Key points • Osseous genioplasty is a more versatile procedure compared with chin implant surgery. • The chin can be advanced, set back, narrowed, widened, lengthened, shortened, centered, and leveled with genioplasty. • Osseous genioplasty gives the surgeon control of…
Key points • Chin augmentation can often result in asymmetry, an irregular transition between the implant and the underlying bone, excessive width, or unaesthetic disproportion. • Optimization of results requires careful preoperative analysis, refinements in surgical technique, and appropriate implant…
Key points • Skeletal discrepancies leading to malocclusion are frequently treated with compensatory orthodontics. • Dental compensation of skeletal discrepancies frequently leads to facial imbalance. • Camouflage procedures may be an option to restore facial harmony without the need for…
Key points • Skeletal augmentation and soft tissue augmentation can be complementary but are not interchangeable. • Patients with deficient infraorbital rim projection can be predisposed to lower lid malposition after blepharoplasty and can benefit from augmentation of the infraorbital…