Key points • Accurately identify the etiology of the asymmetry. • Ensure that facial growth is complete before definitive treatment. • 3D photographic imaging is an invaluable tool to educate the patient regarding the clinical findings and the anticipated outcome.…
Key points • The male skull is longer and broader compared with the female skull, whereas the female skull has a more pointed chin and tapered jaw. • Frontal bossing of the male skull generally extends from the region of…
Key points • Skin, fat, muscle, fascia, tendon, and bone can all be differentially carried on vascular pedicles from various donor sites in the provision of vascularized tissue to the face. • Soft tissue, muscle, and bone flaps will all…
Key points • The facial skeleton provides the underlying frame for the face, and its configuration influences the facial rejuvenation surgery that should be done. • Age-related changes in the periorbital area are significant and must be accounted for during…
Key points • The appearance of the lips may be considered to represent an individual’s youth, sensuality, and fertility. Consequently, their appearance is of prime importance to connote these qualities and imbue confidence in those seeking facial plastic surgery. •…
Key points • Structural fillers are very useful in Asian patients to create an oval face with a tapered lower facial third. • Blunt injection cannulas have been associated with a lower risk of embolus formation and less pain and…
Key points • Facial aging is characterized by fat atrophy and gravitational descent of facial soft tissue. • Careful facial analysis is crucial for optimal outcomes. • Fat grafting provides a minimally invasive technique to improve facial contouring in aesthetic…
• Soft tissue evaluation is a crucial step in planning any aesthetic facial procedure. • Patient assessment of all aging components and selection of procedures that address specific patient concerns are important. • A combination of surgical and nonsurgical procedures…
Key points • The anterior and posterior ethmoid foramen are the intraoperative anatomical landmarks to visualize for the level of a subcranial osteotomy. Violation of the frontal bone via an orbital osteotomy above these landmarks carries the risk of cerebrospinal…
Key points • An implant-retained prosthesis has an average expected lifespan of 18-36 months. • Successful rehabilitation with osseointegration requires the presence of viable bone in the area of reconstruction and a good surgical candidate. • Maintaining realistic expectations of…