Category Internal Medicine

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See also Fluoroquinolones General information Levofloxacin, the levorotatory S-enantiomer of the racemate ofloxacin, is an oral and parenteral fluoroquinolone that has bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacilli (including Streptococcus pneumoniae ), as well as atypical…

General information Nigrostriatal dopamine is depleted in patients with Parkinson’s disease, but it cannot be used to treat the disease since it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is metabolized extensively in the periphery, hardly penetrating the central…

See also Antihistamines General information Levocetirizine is the R-enantiomer of cetirizine dihydrochloride and, like cetirizine, undergoes minimal hepatic metabolism [ ]. Levocetirizine has twice the affinity for H 1 receptors as cetirizine [ ]. It is efficacious and well tolerated…

See also Antihistamines General information Levocabastine is a second-generation antihistamine [ ]. Since levocabastine is applied locally in the eye or nose, local reactions are most often seen. Most frequent is ocular irritation followed by nasal irritation. Sedation does not…

General information Levobupivacaine is the levorotatory isomer, S(−)-bupivacaine, of bupivacaine, an amide local anesthetic. In a comparison of the clinical efficacy of epidural S(−)-bupivacaine with standard racemic RS-bupivacaine in 88 patients S(−)-bupivacaine was clinically indistinguishable from RS-bupivacaine in the three…

See also Antiepileptic drugs . General information Levetiracetam is a piracetam derivative used in the treatment of refractory partial seizures. In trials it has shown an excellent tolerability profile. The main dose-related adverse reactions are sedation, fatigue, and headache. Other…

General information Levamisole is the levorotatory isomer of tetramisole. Originally used only as an antihelminthic drug, it acts by paralysing the musculature of susceptible nematodes so that they are expelled by peristalsis. It is rapidly metabolized and excreted, with a…

General information The leukotriene receptor antagonists are antagonists of cysteinyl leukotrienes at CysLT 1 receptors and include zafirlukast, montelukast, and pranlukast. Drug studies Placebo-controlled studies The efficacy and tolerability of montelukast, in combination with a selective histamine H 1 receptor…

General information Letosteine is a mucolytic, used orally to loosen bronchial secretions and facilitate expectoration [ , ]. In a systematic review of six randomized controlled trials in 438 children, antitussives, antihistamine-decongestant combinations, other fixed drug combinations, and antihistamines were…