Key Points Incidence There are approximately 8500 new cases of Hodgkin lymphoma in the United States each year. Biological Characteristics Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells are the malignant cells in Hodgkin lymphoma. Increasing epidemiological and molecular evidence supports that a combination of…
Basic Issues in Lymphoma Significant progress has been made in recent years in the understanding of the molecular basis of lymphomagenesis, and in the diagnosis, staging, treatment, and follow-up of patients with lymphoid malignancies. The current pathological classification incorporates molecular…
Key Points Incidence (1) Hepatic tumors: 1.6 per million; male predominance. (2) Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: 0.05% of head and neck tumors. (3) Pleuropulmonary blastoma: Extremely rare. (4) Hemangioma/lymphangioma: Hemangiomas: 1% of infants; lymphangiomas: 0.01% of infants. (5) Desmoplastic small round…
Key Points Epidemiology and Biological Characteristics Relative to adult Hodgkin lymphoma, pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma has (1) Distinct features in relation to geographic distribution, gender, association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and histological subtype; (2) Relatively higher incidence in developing countries and…
Key Points Epidemiology Acute leukemias (acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] and acute myeloid leukemia [AML]) and lymphomas (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL]) together represent approximately 40% of malignancies in children. Annual incidence of new cases in the United States in children…
Key Points Epidemiology Neuroblastoma comprises 8% to 10% of childhood cancers, with 650 cases reported annually in the United States. It is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and the most common malignancy in infants. The tumor primarily…
Key Points Incidence Retinoblastoma accounts for 2.5% to 4% of all pediatric malignancies. Its incidence is two to five cases per million children per year amounting to approximately 300 new cases per year in the United States. Biologic Characteristics Retinoblastoma…
Key Points Incidence Renal tumors are the fifth most common cancer in children younger than 15 years of age. It is estimated that 7.1 per million children are affected, and 500 new cases are reported each year in the United…
Key Points Incidence The pediatric sarcomas of bone are osteosarcoma (5.6 cases per million children per year) and Ewing sarcoma (2.8 cases per million children per year). Biologic Characteristics Osteosarcoma is associated with inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene. Ewing sarcoma…
Key Points Incidence Annually, there are 350 cases of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in the United States. Of those, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) comprises 75% (260 cases), and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) comprises 25% (90 cases). Annually, there are 500 cases of pediatric…