Renal excretion is an important clearance pathway for many drugs and their metabolites. Impaired renal excretion, either as a result of kidney disease or the effects of co-administered drugs, can lead to accumulation of drugs and their metabolites. In many…
This chapter analyzes the capacity of the transplanted kidney to transport solute and water. The intrinsic capacity of the transplanted kidney to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), to exhibit T-G feedback are described along with alterations that flow from retrieval…
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) depend on dialysis to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Dialysis allows for solutes to diffuse between blood and dialysate such that, over the course of the procedure, plasma composition is restored toward normal values.…
By the production of erythropoietin (EPO) the kidneys participate in the regulation of red cell and platelet formation. This chapter reviews the present knowledge about the structure, the receptors, the functions and the regulation of production of these hormones. The…
We have made significant advances in understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease (CKD). These include: (1) the discovery of the calcium-sensing receptor CaSR and the development of calcimimetics to target this receptor to…
The incidence of CKD is increasing in the United States primarily driven by the rising incidence of obesity-related disease, such as hypertension and diabetes, and shifts in age and racial demographics. The complications of CKD intensify as GFR declines, and…
Introduction Despite advances in understanding the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease, treatment for kidney disease remains unsatisfactory. In this chapter, we briefly recount the importance of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, then provide…
Acute ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). A major conceptual insight is that the total amount of renal injury is the result of not only the initial ischemic insult, by the ensuing responses.…
Introduction Chronic progressive nephropathies, independent of the type of the initial insult, have in common persistently high levels of urinary protein excretion, chronic tubulointerstitial lesions, and glomerular sclerosis. It has become clear that in otherwise comparable groups of patients, those…
Determinants of Glomerular Ultrafiltration and How They are Influenced by the Glomerular Arterioles The notion that derangements of glomerular dynamics may exert a deleterious effect and play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is relatively recent,…