Stage migration: increased incidence of localized prostate cancer In the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based early detection era, approximately 81% of men with prostate cancer (PCa) have disease considered confined to the prostate gland (clinically localized PCa), and only 4% present with…
Introduction There was an estimated 233,000 cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in the United States in 2014. There are a variety of therapeutic options for men with clinically localized prostate cancer including radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and active surveillance. Multiple…
Introduction The last century has witnessed a shift from invasive to minimally invasive surgery, and it has been proposed that the next century may bring the elimination of invasion altogether. For the management of localized prostate cancer, this is a…
Introduction Over the past decades, increasing numbers of men have been faced with the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Conversely, prostate cancer mortality rates have decreased. In addition, men are more often diagnosed at an earlier stage of the disease. The…
Introduction Alternatives to waiting for the clinical signs of a disease to become apparent are screening and prevention. These approaches may make treatment more effective and safer. Prostate cancer is seemingly an ideal disease for these approaches as it has…
Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common solid organ malignancy diagnosed in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American men. The etiology and risk factors for prostate cancer are largely unknown. Some theories suggest that environmental…
Introduction Multiple studies have been performed in an effort to determine the cause of cancer. Certainly, both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the pathogenesis of malignancies. Patients often wish to know what lifestyle behaviors can be modified…
Key points Cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventive strategies via lifestyle, dietary supplement, and pharmacologic agents appear to have the best current evidence for prostate cancer prevention, especially aggressive disease. Obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, lack of exercise, caloric excess, and even metabolic…
Introduction Prostate and breast cancers are two common malignancies that have some striking and surprising similarities. As we know, they are both tumors of accessory sex organs and both are characterized primarily by being epithelial, hormone-driven malignancies, which respond to…
Introduction Carcinoma of the prostate represents the most common cancer diagnosis in American men and is the second leading cause of deaths from cancer. The large majority of prostate cancers are histologically adenocarcinomas. The development and implementation of serum prostate-specific…