Introduction Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) using the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist or antagonist has been the mainstay treatment of systemic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Following an initial decline in PSA levels and a clinically significant response rate of 80–90%, majority…
Introduction Among five new therapies for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, sipuleucel-T (Provenge ® ) stands out as the first immunotherapy approved by the FDA for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic castrate metastatic prostate cancer with the added benefit of…
Introduction The development and subsequent normal physiologic function of the adult prostate gland is heavily dependent upon the presence of androgens. Although between 70% and 90% of testosterone is produced by the testicles, under certain circumstances the contribution by the…
Introduction Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer (after skin cancer) and one of the major causes of cancer mortality in the United States with an expected 29,720 deaths in 2013. About 40% of prostate cancer patients will fail…
Introduction The maintenance of bone health is important throughout the entire prostate cancer disease spectrum. The majority of prostate cancer patients are already at increased risk for fragility fractures secondary to age-related bone loss. This is further compounded by the…
Introduction Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer of men and the sixth leading cause of death in men with close to 258,000 deaths reported worldwide. In the United States alone, prostate cancer is the second leading cause…
Introduction Locally advanced prostate cancer represents a heterogeneous group of malignancies. Currently, there is no universally agreed definition of what is known as “locally advanced” disease within the urology community, as this disease group of patients is getting smaller due…
Introduction External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is a commonly applied treatment modality for patients with localized prostate cancer, with up to 35% of patients with prostate cancer undergoing EBRT as first-line therapy. EBRT is associated with excellent outcomes for patients…
Introduction Following surgery for prostate cancer, approximately 30–35% of men will develop a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level within 10 years. Considering that an estimated 138,000 radical prostatectomies were performed in the United States in 2010, approximately 41,400–48,300 men would…
Introduction Radiation therapy techniques and their combination with other modalities have developed rapidly over the past two decades in radiation oncology. This continues today at an ever increasing pace offering considerable hope to the patients with both localized and metastatic…