Introduction Prostate cancer is a disease of the elderly, with the peak incidence of diagnosed disease at 80 years of age. While many view prostate cancer as an indolent disease, it still remains the second leading cause of cancer death…
Introduction High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) are intermediaries to distinctly benign or malignant diagnoses on prostate biopsy. HGPIN is a true pathologic entity and the only accepted precursor to prostate adenocarcinoma. ASAP on the…
Introduction While the lifetime risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis for a man living the United States is estimated to be 1 in 7, the incidence to mortality ratio is nearly 8:1. Thus, most men diagnosed with prostate cancer will…
Recurrent translocations in prostate cancer Discovery of Recurrent Translocations in Prostate Cancer As of 2005, recurrent translocations were only associated with sporadic solid tumors in sarcoma, some thyroid cancers, and pediatric malignancies. Using gene expression arrays and a bioinformatics filtering…
Introduction The androgen receptor (AR) is part of the steroid hormone receptor family of molecules, which also includes the progesterone, estrogen, mineralocorticoid, retinoic acid, thyroid, and vitamin D receptors. The AR is a transcription factor, primarily responsible for mediating the…
Introduction The idea of a link between inflammation and cancer is not unique to prostate cancer (PCa). The idea of an association between inflammation and cancer dates back at least 150 years. In 1863, Virchow proposed that cancer originates at…
Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed new solid cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the United States. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimated that approximately 241,740 new cases and 28,170…