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Neuromodulator immunogenicity
Summary and key features All Botulinum toxin A preparations are immunogenic, and the degree of immunogenicity depends on their biologic structure, formulations, patient-specific factors, and genetic predisposition. The potential ramifications of immunogenicity can manifest clinically in various ways, ranging from…
The future of neuromodulators in aesthetic medicine
Summary and key features Aesthetic use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) started in the glabella and upper face but has now expanded into the mid and lower face, including masseters and neck. Aesthetic facial shaping of the upper and…
Botulinum toxin for the treatment of palmoplantar hyperhidrosis
Summary and key features Palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis can significantly impact quality of life. Botulinum toxin can produce hypohidrosis of the palms and soles for up to 6 months. Pain control is the greatest challenge for this method of treatment:…
Treatment of focal axillary hyperhidrosis with neuromodulators (and non-axillary regions)
Summary and key features Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a safe, well-established, and effective treatment for focal axillary hyperhidrosis (HH). Key Features Sweating is the normal physiologic response to increased body temperature and is the primary avenue of heat loss during…
Combination noninvasive facial aesthetic treatments with botulinum toxin type A
Summary and key features The multifactorial etiology of facial aging makes combination treatments logical and more successful than monotherapy. Thorough knowledge of facial anatomy is essential for safe and effective treatments. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) enhances the positive effects…
Treatment of darker skin types with neuromodulators
Summary and key features Botulinum toxin is a safe and effective procedure in darker skin types. In general, efficacy and safety profiles are similar to lighter skin types. With appropriate use, side effects are uncommon. Commonly treated areas are glabellar,…
The masseters: Hypertrophy, bruxism, and facial shaping with botulinum toxin
Summary and key features The masseter is a powerful muscle of mastication with both aesthetic and functional significance. Masseteric hypertrophy may be associated with bruxism and facial pain syndromes. Botulinum toxin may be used to reduce masseter muscle bulk to…
Platysma, nefertiti lift, and beyond
Summary and key features The aging lower face and neck are characterized by a number of features, including loss of jawline contour, vertical banding, horizontal line formation, dyschromia and texture complaints, tissue redundancy, and loss of elasticity. The aging neck…
Treatment of orbicularis oris, mentalis, depressor anguli oris with neuromodulators
Summary and key features The aging lower face is characterized by perioral rhytides, flattening of the lips, development of deep marionette lines, oral commissures, and pebbling of the chin. While its use is currently off-label for the lower face, botulinum…