Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology: Botulinum Toxin

Treatment of the midface with botulinum toxin

Introduction The midface is the area of the face between the glabella and the subnasal region. It has a complex muscular anatomy, demanding full anatomic knowledge and a precise injection technique. The small muscles in this area are important for…

Treatment of crow’s feet

Summary and key features Treatment of crow’s feet with botulinum toxin is safe and effective. Preoperative assessment of the periocular region, including analysis of dynamic and static rhytides, lower lid laxity, and upper lid ptosis, can improve the precision and…

Treatment of glabellar lines with neuromodulators

Summary and key features Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) for treatment of glabellar rhytides was US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for cosmetic use in 2002 but has been used for this purpose since the early 1990s. Injection of…

Benzyl alcohol

Summary and key features Benzyl alcohol has anesthetic effects and is safe for skin injection. Skin injection of botulinum toxin reconstituted with preserved (i.e., benzyl alcohol-containing) saline is less painful than injection of toxin reconstituted with saline only. Skin preinfiltration…

Reconstitution and dilution

Summary and key features Most neuromodulators are provided as powders that require reconstitution prior to use. Preserved saline is the most common diluent used in clinical practice; however, other diluents have also proven to be safe and effective. While package…

Topical botulinum toxin type A

Summary and key features The favorable efficacy and safety profiles of injectable botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) for facial aesthetic procedures and for medical indications are well established. An unmet need exists for the development of systems or formulations for…

Comparison of botulinum toxins

Summary and key features Botox® (onabotulinumtoxinA), Dysport® (abobotulinumtoxinA), Xeomin® (incobotulinumtoxinA), and Jeuveau® (prabotulinumtoxinA) are the four currently commercially available formulations of botulinum toxin type A in the United States. Although all four formulations are approved by the United Stated Food…