Respiratory acidosis is caused by CO 2 retention due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation (↓ pH, ↑ pCO 2 ). Compensatory mechanisms are: ■ ↑ HCO 3 − by bicarbonate buffer system ■ ↓ H + by kidneys (can take several…
Metabolic alkalosis is caused by an increase in HCO 3 − or decrease in H + (↑ pH,↑HCO 3 − ). Compensatory mechanisms are: ■ ↑ pCO 2 by hypoventilation (limited by hypoxia) ■ ↓ HCO 3 − by kidneys.…
Metabolic acidosis is caused by increased production of hydrogen ions from metabolic causes or from excessive bicarbonate loss (pH ↓, HCO 3 − ↓). Compensatory mechanisms are: ■ ↓ pCO 2 by hyperventilation ■ ↓ H + by kidneys (unless…
The normal range of serum magnesium is 0.7–1.0 mmol Hypomagnesaemia refers to a serum level below 0.7 mmol Causes You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are…
Hypocalcaemia is a serum calcium of <2.1 mmol/L (normal range 2.1–2.6 mmol/L) with an ionised fraction <0.8 mmol Causes Associated with high serum phosphate ● Chronic renal failure ● Hypoparathyroidism ● Rhabdomyolysis ● Phosphate therapy You’re Reading a Preview Become a…
Hypercalcaemia is a serum calcium >2.62 mmol/L (normal range 2.1–2.6 mmol/L). It may be an asymptomatic laboratory finding. Symptoms usually become apparent with levels >3.50 mmol Causes ● Malignancy ■ Solid tumour with lytic bony metastases, e.g. Ca breast, bronchus…
The normal serum sodium level is 135–145 mmol Hyponatraemia refers to serum sodium levels of <135 mmol/L, and serum sodium of <120 mmol/L is considered severe. Causes Hypovolaemic ● Gastrointestinal losses ● Diarrhoea ● Vomiting ● Enterocutaneous fistula ● Renal…
The normal serum sodium level is 135–145 mmol Hypernatraemia refers to a serum sodium level >145 mmol Causes Decreased water intake ● Confusion You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become…
Hypokalaemia is a reduced blood level of potassium <3.5 mmol Causes You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
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