For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Introduction Facial paralysis presents a complex challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Since Sir Charles Bell first described the course of the facial nerve in 1821, our…
Orthognathic Surgery History The term “orthognathic” stems from the Greek words ortho , which is to straighten, and gnathic , which describes the jaw. Orthognathic surgery is a subspecialty practiced by numerous disciplines, including oral and maxillofacial, plastic and reconstructive,…
History Hippocrates provided the first description of what is now called craniosynostosis in 100 BC and noted the variation of skull deformities and correlated it with the pattern of cranial suture involvement. There are many historical descriptions of people with…
Craniofacial clefts include a complex and heterogenous group of deformities that affect the face, causing significant functional and appearance-related issues for affected patients. The term “rare” craniofacial cleft is used to differentiate them from the more “typical” clefts of the…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Ear Development The intricate contours of the external ear are attributed to delicate elastic cartilage covered with a thin layer of subcutaneous tissue and skin. The…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Embryology The primary and secondary palates arise from the frontonasal process and palatal processes of the maxilla, respectively, separated by the incisive foramen. From the incisive…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Embryology Between the 4th and 7th weeks of gestation, the two medial nasal prominences of the frontonasal process fuse to form the intermaxillary segment ( Fig.…
Introduction Vascular anomalies are disorders of the endothelium, which can be subclassified into vascular tumors and vascular malformations, distinguished by proliferating endothelium and quiescent endothelium, respectively ( Table 15.1 ). Vascular anomalies can present in individuals of any age and…
Incidence of Phenotypic Classification Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) are present at birth, or very occasionally arise in the first few years of life; tardive CMN. These lesions grow commensurate with the child, but tardive lesions can appear to grow more…
Introduction Burns can be a devastating injury that is nondiscriminatory, affecting individuals of all ages, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds. In the United States the incidence of burn injuries continues to rise, with approximately half a million individuals requiring medical therapy,…