The neonatal and pediatric stages are periods of rapid physiologic changes, some of which affect the hemostatic system. The hemostatic system is a dynamic system that evolves gradually from birth into the mature adult form. Evaluation of bleeding and clotting…
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting approximately 3% of adults worldwide. Its prevalence and incidence are rising continuously with the increasingly aging population. AF is associated with impaired prognosis, increased risk of all-cause mortality, stroke,…
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an important manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis with significant morbidity and mortality.PAD affects the lower extremities and is defined as a stenosis or occlusion in the aorta or the arteries supplying blood to the legs, including…
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) leads to millions of hospital admissions worldwide each year and is a leading cause of death. Antithrombotic therapies are a cornerstone in the immediate and long-term management of ACS, reducing the risk of myocardial infarction (MI)…
Stroke is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide and a leading cause of acquired adult disability. Primary stroke subtypes include ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Each stroke subtype has differing etiologies, outcomes, and management strategies.…
Arterial or venous thromboembolism is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Arterial thrombosis is the most common cause of acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and limb gangrene, whereas deep vein thrombosis can lead to pulmonary embolism, which can be…
Morbidity and mortality from atherosclerosis, the pathologic process underlying acute myocardial infarction, sudden death, stroke, and limb loss, represent an enormous burden on society and health care systems (see Chapter 144, Chapter 145, Chapter 146 ). Even though death rates…
Pregnant persons and those who are postpartum are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Although pregnancy-related VTE can affect any part of the venous circulation, as in the non-pregnant population, it most commonly manifests as deep vein thrombosis (DVT)…
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) encompasses deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT commonly affects the deep veins of the legs, and infrequently involves veins at other anatomical sites (such as upper extremity, splanchnic, or cerebral veins). Thrombotic occlusion of…
Antiphospholipid (aPL) syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune thrombophilic syndrome for which definitive disease mechanisms have not been established. The condition is defined and diagnosed by a constellation of clinical and laboratory criteria, detailed below. This chapter reviews the current understanding…