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Fractures and Dislocations of the Midfoot and Forefoot
The Tarsal Navicular Anatomy The tarsal navicular lies in the uppermost portion of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot between the head of the talus and the three cuneiforms. The proximal concave articular surface and convex distal articular surface…
Talus Fractures and Peritalar Dislocations
The talus’s multiple articulations facilitate complex motion of the ankle and hindfoot critical to the biomechanics of gait, earning its title “the universal joint of the foot.” While fractures of the talus are uncommon, accounting for approximately 1% of all…
Fractures of the Calcaneus
Calcaneal fractures usually result from high-energy mechanisms and can be devastating injuries. Early complications and long-term sequelae are common. The optimal treatment for displaced intraarticular fractures remains controversial. Surgical treatment with the extensile lateral approach has reliable radiographic and functional…
Ankle Fractures and Dislocations
Ankle fractures are a commonly encountered injury to the lower extremity and account for approximately 9% of all fractures. The incidence of ankle fractures has been increasing among all age groups, and the mechanism of injury is most commonly a…
Pilon Fractures
Fractures that involve the weight-bearing articular surface of the distal tibia are known as pilon or plafond fractures. They were first described by Destot in 1911 and by Bonin in 1950. In 1968, Rüedi et al were the first to…
Complex Trauma and Soft Tissue Reconstruction for the Foot and Ankle
The integrity of the soft tissue (ST) envelope is of paramount importance for any and all foot and ankle reconstructions. Although injury to the ST envelope is most often associated with trauma-related care, elective surgical procedures also are prone to…
Congenital Foot Deformities
Congenital foot deformities can result from inherited or extrinsic influences. Knowledge of prenatal growth and foot development is essential to understanding the pathophysiology of and choosing the appropriate treatment for congenital foot deformities. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Embryology The skeletal elements of…
Osteochondral Lesions
An osteochondral lesion (OCL) is a defect on the articular surface of a joint with or without subchondral bone involvement. The first report of removal of a loose body from a knee joint, likely an unstable OCL, is attributed to…
Arthroscopy of the Foot and Ankle
ARTHROSCOPY OF THE ANKLE IN THE SUPINE POSITION History In 1910, Hans Christian Jocobaeus, a Swedish physician, started exploring the abdomen and thoracic cavity with the use of a laporothoracoscope. The Danish surgeon Severin Nordenthoff was the first to use…