1 What is capnometry? Capnometry is a monitor which detects and measures expired carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Capnometry can be qualitative where the device changes color when CO 2 is detected, or quantitative where the device measures the expired…
1 Review pulse oximetry Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method by which arterial oxygenation can be approximated. It is based on the Beer-Lambert law and spectrophotometric analysis. When applied to pulse oximetry, the Beer-Lambert law essentially states that the intensity…
1 What are the benefits of vasoactive agents? All major components governing the physiology of cardiac output, such as preload, afterload, inotropy, and chronotropy can be modulated by vasoactive agents. An underlying concept is the Frank-Starling principle, which states that…
1 Discuss the role of local anesthetics in the practice of anesthesiology Because local anesthetics (LAs) reversibly block nerve conduction, they are used to provide intra- and postoperative regional anesthesia for painful surgical procedures. Beyond regional anesthesia, local anesthetics (most…
1 Describe the morphology of the neuromuscular junction The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) consists of three cell types: the motor neuron, muscle fiber, and Schwann cell. The motor neuron originates in the ventral horn of the spinal cord or brainstem (in…
1 What is an opiate? An opioid? A narcotic? Opiates are analgesic and sedative drugs that contain opium or an opium derivative from the poppy plant ( Papaver somniferum ). Opiates include opium, morphine, and codeine. An opioid is any…
1 What qualities would the ideal intravenous anesthetic agent possess? The ideal intravenous induction would produce amnesia, analgesia, hypnosis, and muscle relaxation. Adverse effects and interactions would be rare. Administration would be painless via multiple routes of delivery. Interindividual dose…
Questions/Answers 1 What are the most desirable properties of an anesthetic gas? The most desirable properties of an anesthetic gas are predictability in onset and emergence; muscle relaxation, cardiostability, and bronchodilation; nontriggering for malignant hyperthermia or other significant side effects…
1 What are the four foundational moral values of medical ethics? Respect for autonomy: patients have the right to determine what can and cannot be done to their bodies Nonmaleficence: do no harm, or at least, do more good than…
Allergic Reactions 1 Review the four types of hypersensitivity reactions and their mechanisms See Table 12.1 . Table 12.1 Hypersensitivity Classification Type of Reaction Name Mechanism Examples Type I Allergic reaction Previous exposure to an antigen produces IgE immunoglobulins which…