1 What is the overarching indication for blood transfusion? The overarching indication for transfusing packed red blood cells (RBCs) is to improve oxygen delivery ( D˙O2 D ˙ O 2 ). One of the primary roles of RBCs is to…
1 How can you identify a patient at risk for perioperative bleeding? Preoperative evaluation for bleeding risk includes a focused history, physical examination, a review of all medications and dietary supplements, appropriate laboratory testing and a consideration of the bleeding…
Questions: Electrolytes Sodium 1 How is hyponatremia classified? Classification is primarily based on the patient’s serum osmolality and volume status. Hyponatremia may occur in the presence of low serum osmolality (< 285 mOsm/kg), normal osmolality (285–295 mOsm/kg), or high osmolality…
1 Describe the functionally distinct compartments of body water Total body water comprises approximately 60% of body weight. About two-thirds of body water (40% of body weight) is in the intracellular fluid compartment and one-third (20% of body weight) is…
1 What information does an arterial blood gas provide? Arterial blood gas (ABG) machines provide a direct measurement of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO 2 ), partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO 2 ),…
1 Define lung volumes and capacities Tidal volume (TV) = Volume of gas inspired and passively expired with normal breathing Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = Volume of gas that can be maximally exhaled from rest Residual volume (RV) = Volume…
1 What is Ohm’s law? How does it relate to blood flow in the human body? Ohm’s law characterizes the relationship between current and voltage across a resistor: I=ΔVR I = Δ V R I, current; ΔV, voltage gradient; R,…
Questions/Answers 1 Describe the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a network of nerves and ganglia that provide involuntary (i.e., unconscious) control of the physiological actions that maintain internal homeostasis and respond to stress. The ANS innervates…
1 Describe the anatomy of the upper and lower airway The upper airway consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and the lower airway, the tracheobronchial tree. The two openings to the upper airway (nose and mouth) are separated anteriorly…
Question/Answers 1 What are the goals of the preoperative evaluation? The preoperative evaluation consists of gathering necessary information about the patient and formulating an appropriate anesthetic plan. The overall objective is to make sure the patient is medically optimized when…