Key points Mitral Valve Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) provides real-time, detailed, nonplanar images of the complex mitral valve (MV) apparatus, including the annulus, leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles. Quantitative analysis of MV anatomy, function, and motion using 3DE is significantly more…
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As the population ages, the prevalence of heart failure continues to escalate. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) comprises approximately 50% of the admission diagnoses for heart failure. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association categorizes heart failure into…
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Drs. Itzhak Kronzon, Robert J. Siegel, Hezzy Shmueli, and Neil L. Coplan for their contributions to the previous editions this chapter. Heart and Pericardium There are many well-described typical cardiac tumors (both primary…
Blunt aortic trauma (BAT) is a life-threatening injury because most patients die at the scene, and delayed adventitial rupture may occur during hospitalization. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and contrast-enhanced helical computed tomography (CT) have similar diagnostic accuracy for the identification…
According to the American Heart Association (AHA) heart disease and stroke statistics, in the year 2014, more than 300,000 pacemakers (PMs) and 60,000 intracardiac defibrillators (ICDs) were implanted in United States. As the population continues to age, the number of…
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in developed countries. It is also known as degenerative or myxomatous mitral valve (MV) disease and consists of a spectrum, with its mildest form known as fibroelastic…
Mitral valve (MV) disease may best be described by defining the cause of the disease, the specific lesions caused by the disease, and the dysfunction it creates in the MV apparatus. This “pathophysiologic triad,” first described by Carpentier and coworkers…
Mitral stenosis (MS) results from obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle at either the valve or the subvalvular level ( Fig. 94.1 and Videos 94.1, Videos 94.2, Videos 94.3, Videos 94.4 ). Complications from…
Echocardiography is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of mitral stenosis (MS). The joint American Society of Echocardiography and European Association of Echocardiography guidelines for native valvular stenosis feature an exhaustive review of echocardiographic methods for quantitative assessment of…