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Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a frequent cause of stroke. , Despite its clinical importance, AF is a difficult condition to treat, with limited efficacy of current therapeutic strategies including antiarrhythmic drugs and…

Key Points Intracardiac electrograms provide timing and morphologic information. Local tissue activation is best identified by the point of maximal downslope of unipolar electrograms and maximal amplitude of bipolar electrograms. Cardiac mapping techniques include activation mapping, pace mapping, entrainment mapping,…